Pax Africana

Archaeologists have discovered that wealthy black Africans lived in Roman Britain in one of the country’s earliest examples of multiculturalism.

Scientific research techniques have established that a lavish grave containing a woman’s skeleton, an ivory bangle, perfume bottle, mirror and jewellery, belonged to a North African member of York’s high society in the 4th century.

Scientific analysis of isotopes from the teeth revealed that water she drank during her childhood had contained minerals likely to have been found in North Africa. Skull measurements have also established that the “Ivory Bangle Lady” was black or of mixed race.

Her sarcophagus, which was made of stone, a sign of immense wealth in Roman Britain, was discovered in 1901 in Bootham, York. The city was then a legionary fortress and civilian settlement called Eboracum, founded by the Romans in AD71.

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Her well-preserved remains showed that she was 1.5m (5ft 1in) and aged between 18 and 23. There were no signs of a violent death, and muscle markings showed that she had not lived a strenuous life, suggesting that she was affluent. Among the goods found in her grave was a bone with the inscription “Sor ave vivas in Deo” (Hail, sister, may you live in God), suggesting that she may also have been a Christian.

A bracelet of jet, probably from Whitby, North Yorkshire, showed that she had access to local trade networks. Researchers from the University of Reading’s department of archaeology believe that the ivory bangle, an artefact rarely found in Roman Britain, may have been kept by the woman as a memento of home.

Hella Eckardt, who carried out the study, said: “Multicultural Britain is not just a phenomenon of more modern times. Analysis of the ‘Ivory Bangle Lady’ and others like her, contradicts assumptions about the make-up of Roman-British populations as well as the view that African immigrants were of low status, male and likely to have been slaves.”

She said that “Ivory Bangle Lady” was very wealthy — “absolutely from the top end of York society”.

“The link between slavery and Africans is an early modern one. In the Roman world this simply was not the case. Slaves in Roman times could come from any area.”

She added that inscriptions from that period showed that African people were most often members of the imperialist power’s army. But the latest research on a series of skeletons showed that African men had immigrated to Britain, invariably with the Roman Army, and had brought their wives and children.

Dr Eckardt continued: “We’re looking at a population mix which is much closer to contemporary Britain than previous historians had suspected. In the case of York, the Roman population may have had more diverse origins than the city has now.

“This skull is particularly interesting, because the stone sarcophagus she was buried in, and the richness of the grave goods, means she was a very wealthy woman.”

The research, A Lady of York; migration, ethnicity and identity in Roman Britain, is published in the March edition of the journal Antiquity. The “Ivory Bangle Lady” will be the centrepiece of an exhibition at the Yorkshire Museum in August entitled Roman York: Meet the People

A new Africa is born

A new Africa is born---named Nubia. Nubia was the name given to the ancient African civilizations along the banks of the Nile Valley from its source on the shores of Lake Victoria (Azania) in present day Uganda, through most of Sudan, Chad, Ethiopia into present day Egypt.

In the reconstruction of the new Africa we have chosen to name the continent NUBIA. In the same vain we have chosen to name the Nile River, the Great Nubia. Lake Victoria, is Lake Azania.

Africa is the origin of world history---having given birth to the first humans. It is the mother continent--whose history, heritage has been deliberately disfigured, and misrepresented in history books. Until the advent of modern day European racism--Nubia influenced and civilized most of the world. Nubia gave the world, coffee, wine, medical science, mathematics, architecture, iron smelting and the written form of communication.

It must be understood that the (colonial) Egypt of today has very little to do with the ancient Egypt or Kemet which was under ancient Nubian Kingdoms and Pharaohs--referred to in the Bible.

After Alexander the Great conquered Egypt, the Hellenistic Greeks settled and ruled Egypt, followed by the Romans the Ottoman Turks and until around the 8th century Arabs took over the country. The Egyptian Arabs of today lay claim to the region's history only recent conquest, not by heritage. This region is patently Nubian.